Adrenal Gland - 9709 Words

Adrenal gland In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangular-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys. They are chiefly responsible for releasing hormones in conjunction with stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine), respectively. Anatomy and function Anatomically, the adrenal glands are located in the retroperitoneum situated atop the kidneys, one on each side. They are surrounded by an adipose capsule and renal fascia. In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra. Each adrenal gland is separated into two distinct structures, the adrenal cortex and medulla, both of which†¦show more content†¦The suprarenal veins may form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins. The adrenal glands and the thyroid gland are the organs that have the greatest blood supply per gram of tissue. Up to 60 arterioles may enter each adrenal gland.[4] Terminology The adrenal glands are named for their location relative to the kidneys. The term adrenal comes from ad- (Latin, near) and renes (Latin, kidney). Similarly, suprarenal is derived from supra- (Latin, above) and renes. Colloquially, they are referred to as kidney hats. Adrenal cortex Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. Contents * 1 Layers * 2 Hormone synthesis * 3 Production * 3.1 Mineralocorticoids * 3.2 Glucocorticoids * 3.3 Androgens * 4 Pathology * 5 SeeShow MoreRelatedDna Rna And : Dna Replication1735 Words   |  7 Pagespostganglionic neurons uses the norepinephrine (NE) as neurotransmitter. It induced the symptom of flight or fight response when converted into epinephrine. In the adrenal gland, Epinephrine is release when stimulated by Acetylcholine (ACh) pre ganglionic neuron as not all neuron in the SNS uses NE as their neurotransmitter eg, sweats glands. The receptor that found in the SNS are alpha, beta 1 and beta 2 receptor or known as the adrenergic receptor. Alpha receptor are found in wall of art eries and makeRead MoreThe Case of Nick Smith1178 Words   |  5 Pagesthings enlarged internal organ tumor hernia abscess The test results have arrived and Dr. Leonard is preparing for his appointment with the Smiths. He notices some abnormal results. The imaging results reveal abnormal looking masses on Nick’s right adrenal gland, in his abdomen, and near his spinal chord. Dr. Leonard wants to further investigate this finding. What are the abnormal test results and what may be causing them? What are the abnormal test results and what may be causing them? Hemoglobin is veryRead MoreEssay on The Endocrine System Exam3777 Words   |  16 PagesName:_______________________ Match the hormone to the Gland that Secretes it and the Target organ it effects Hormone ACTH ADH CRH FSH GHRH GnRH hGH (Somatotropin) LH MSH Oxytocin PIH (Dopamine) PRL (Prolactin) Somatostatin (GHIH) TRH TSH A. Liver B. Thyroid C. Gonads – Sperm or Ova D. Gonads - Testosterone E. Mammary Glands - Milk Secreted by 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Target organ 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 F. Adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids G. Brain - Melanin H. AnteriorRead MoreEssay on Biological Factors involved in Stress1604 Words   |  7 Pagesthen go on to discus and describe the automatic response (fight or flight reaction), hormonal changes and the effects of cortisol on heart rate, breathing, blood flow and immune system changes. Furthermore, I will discuss the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response system and finally, briefly highlighting the stress-induced effects on the hippocampus. Stress is responsible for producing a variety of physical symptoms that can cause discomfort to any part of the body. For instance, CarlsonRead MoreStress And The Human Brain1720 Words   |  7 Pageshypothalamus is responsible for the stress response and if a stress response is triggered, it sends signals to two other structures (pituitary gland and adrenal medulla). These responses are produced by the fight or flight response via the Sympathomedullary pathway (SAM). The pituitary gland secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which then stimulates the adrenal glands to produce the hormone corticosteroid. The hormone proceeds to enable the body to maintain steady supplies of blood sugar which aid theRead MoreThe Definition Of Your Demise, Stress1346 Words   |  6 Pagesdisturbance is. Your adrenals are two glands that sit on top of your kidneys. Picture a walnut if you need a visual. They re the pilots of your hormones. They secrete cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine that regulate stress response. For this reason, the adrenals are what determine our tolerance to stress. They re the system of our bodies most affected by stress. Picture a pilot out partying the night before with a 12 hour transcontinental flight the next morning. Your adrenals are the pilot whenRead MoreThomas s Case For Ptsd Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pagesproduced in the locus coeruleus and other brain regions, it is a key component in understanding stress and trauma (Cozolino, 2010). One issue that service members have to adjust to in civilian life is to redirect the energy given off by the adrenal gland that triggers the â€Å"fight or flight response.† Military men, especially those that have seen combat possess hyper-alertness and the readiness to react on the slightest stimulation. Another burden that service members have to carry is that â€Å"adrenalinRead MoreThe Case Study On Leanne It1596 Words   |  7 PagesGAS model. Her body recognises that there is a danger and her body prepares her to deal with the threat; known as fight or flight response. Her body prepares for this threat by her hypothalamus telling the pituitary glands to release glucocorticoids hormones. In reply the adrenal glands release cortisol and adrenaline to help her body respond by giving her instant energy. Leanne goes through this every day she takes the children to school. If this keeps getting repeated it can turn harmful. The excessRead MoreEvolution Of Stress : A Pape r Due, Bills, Pay, Kids3311 Words   |  14 Pagessends nerve signals down the spinal cord to the adrenal glands, instructing them to release the hormone known as adrenaline. As soon as adrenaline is released in the body, the amount of sugar in the blood rises and heart rate increases. The hypothalamus is another important part in a stress response. It sends indications to the pituitary gland, which will release factors. A few minutes later, the adrenal cortex is alerted by these factors. The adrenal cortex produces a stress hormone known as cortisolRead More Stress within Women Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagesto how taking Cortisol effects stress. Cortisol is the primary and most important ?glucocorticoids? in the human. Cortisol is synthesized in specific cells of the adrenal glands, released in the peripheral blood flow, and controlled in its production centrally by the complex feedback system of the ?hypothalamic ? pituitary ? adrenal axis?. The subjects were 44 healthy medi cation-free, females, which were nonsmoking volunteers with an average age of 22.7 years old and an average body mass index